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Human Anatomy II
Human Anatomy II 100 Hours Certificate Course (Pre-Medical Program)
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Learn About Human Anatomy II
An advanced anatomy course developed for people wishing to develop a career in health and human sciences, paramedical, and alternative therapies. This course is especially useful for massage therapists and other health care professionals working in close contact with patient's bodies.
This course is included as a module in the Advanced Diploma in Medical Science (Pre-Medical), which has been endorsed by TQUK - Training Qualifications UK, an Ofqual Approved Awarding Organisation.
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Course Information
Other Categories
Lessons
Lesson Structure:
There are 7 lessons:
   1  Cytology
- Common Organelles & Structures: Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Cytoskeleton, Nucleus, Nucleolus, Centrosome & Centrioles, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Ribosomes, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Peroxisome
- Specialised Organelles & Structures: Sarcolemma, Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, T-Tubules, Undulipodia, Microvilli
- The Anatomy of Cellular Division: Review, Characteristic Interphase Structures, Characteristic Mitosis StructuresÂ
  2  Surface Anatomy
- Anatomy
- Terminology: Regions and Positions of the Body, Planes and Views of the Body, Locational and Directional Terminology, Descriptive Terms, Prefixes, Suffixes and Roots of Terms, Numerical Terms
- Surface Anatomy
- Superficial Structures, Features and Markings: The Head, The Neck, The Back, The Anterior Torso, The Upper Extremities, The Lower Extremities
- Practical Use of Surface Anatomy: Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion, Measuring Vital Signs, Blood Testing, Other Tests, Signs Vs Symptom
  3  Systemic Anatomy I
- Systemic Anatomy
- Organisation of the Body
- The Integumentary System: Anatomy of the Skin, Anatomy of Other Integumentary System Components
- The Nervous System: The Brain, The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerve Anatomy, Divisions of the Nervous System
  4  Systemic Anatomy II
- The Endocrine System: The Pineal Gland, The Pituitary Gland, The Hypothalamus, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Thymus, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands
- The Immune System: Thymus, Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymphatic System
- The Male Reproductive System: External Components, Spermatogenesis in the Seminiferous Tubules of the Testes
- The Female Reproductive System: The Uterus, The Vagina, The External Genitalia, The Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes, Accessory Glands, The Breasts and Mammary Tissue
  5  Regional Anatomy I
- Regional Anatomy:
- Musculature
- Bone
- Vasculature & Miscellaneous
- The Cranial Cavity: Bones of the Skull, Facial Bones
- Thoracic Cavity: The Oral and Nasal Cavities, The Paranasal Sinuses, The Nasopharynx, The Oropharynx, The Laryngopharynx, The Larynx, Laryngeal Membranes, Ligaments and Muscles, The Trachea, The Bronchial Tree, The Lungs, The (Thoracic) Diaphragm
- The Abdominopelvic Cavity: The Oesophagus, The Stomach, The Small Intestine, The Large Intestine
  6  Regional Anatomy II
- The Upper Extremities: Features of the Humerus, Features of the Ulna, Features of the Radius, Features of the Carpals, Features of the Metacarpals, Features of the Phalanges, Musculature of the Upper Extremities, Innervation of the Upper Extremity, Vasculature of the Upper Extremity
- The Lower Extremities: Anatomical Features of the Pelvis, Anatomical Features of the Femur, Anatomical Features of the Tibia, Anatomical Features of the Fibula, Anatomical Features of the Tarsals, Anatomical Features of the Metatarsals, Anatomical Features of the Phalanges, Musculature of the Lower Extremities, Innervation of the Upper Extremity, Vasculature of the Lower Extremities
  7  Radiographic and Diagnostic Anatomy
- Medical Imaging: X-Ray, CAT Scan, MRI, PET Scan, Ultrasound
- Diagnostic Anatomy: Abdominopelvic Cavity, Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school's tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.
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Learning Goals
Learning Goals:
Describe and understand the microscopic anatomical features of human cells
Review basic structure and form markings of the body and be able to name them.
Describe the significant systems and the structure of those systems of the body.
Integumentary, Nervous, Cardiovascular and Renal Systems.
Describe the significant systems and the structure of those systems of the body.
Endocrine, Immune and Reproductive Systems.
Describe the significant structures in specific compartments or parts of the body - body cavities.
Investigate the anatomy of the extremities - the arms and legs. This includes the bone, musculature and nervous tissue of the regions.
Describe the study of the structure of the body and the application of various forms of medical imaging.
Practical (Set Tasks)
Practicals:
- Â Describe the importance of the following structures of the eye: eyelids, eyelashes, and eyebrows.
- Â What structures form the oral cavity? Briefly describe their importance.
- Â Using the internet or other reference material, outline and describe otitis media and its causes.
- Â Besides the eyes, ear, and mouth ... what other structures can be studied without a microscope ? List at least ten.
- Â Using the internet or other reference material, describe the three basic functions of the nervous system that are necessary to maintain homeostasis.
- Â Using reference materials or the internet, distinguish between grey and white matter and describe where they are found and their differences.
-  Using the internet or other reference material define the following: resting membrane potential, depolarization, repolarization, polarized membrane, nerve impulse, depolarized membrane, repolarized membrane, and refractory period.
- Â List and describe the structure of the four principle parts of the brain.
- Â Compare and contrast neurons and neuroglia, describing both structure and function
- Â List the names and locations of the principal body cavities and their major organs.
- Â List the names and locations of the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions.
- Â In which quadrant would you feel the pain from appendicitis? From an inflamed liver or gallbladder problems? Problems with the sigmoid colon? Problems with the spleen?
- Â Using the internet or other reference materials find a sample image of the listed medical imaging techniques.
Examinations
Program Summary
More Information
The study of the human body can be divided into specific fields, one of which is anatomy. Anatomy is the study of structure, how parts of the body are sized and shaped and how they interact with each other, as well as the tissues that form them. It does not consider how parts of the body function; what they do, this is the field of physiology.
Anatomy is and was the starting point of scientific investigation of the human body. Without an understanding of structure we cannot fully understand function, for it is the structure and interrelation of body parts that permits their function. In order to study anatomy, it is important to understand the different medical/scientific terms that are used to indicate location, relationship, components, numbers and so on. Key terms are introduced early in the course, some of which you may be familiar. These should still be reviewed along with new terms, to ensure you are able to fully understand this course.
Why Study This?
Anatomy may be valuable, if not critical in many jobs, for example:
 Medical, Health and Fitness Support jobs (Receptionists and assistants)
 Fitness instructors, sports coaches, personal trainers
 Massage therapists and other complimentary medicine practiytioners
 Retail staff in health food shops, pharmacies, sports stores, even footware stores
 Writers and Journalists
 Medics, Doctors, Researchers, Academics, Lecturers etc.
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Assessment
Assessment is based on a combination of completing all assignments and sitting for a final short one and a half hour exam, in your own location.
If you don’t cope well with exams then you may elect to undertake a project instead. This is a popular option.
In addition, most modules have a Set Task at the end of each lesson placed before the assignment. This is an opportunity to undertake practical work to help you acquire knowledge and skills and practical experience. This ADL feature is an added bonus not found at most online schools. Set Tasks are not required for assessment.Â
Some courses also have optional Self-Tests which are available on our online learning platform. These are not available by correspondence or by USB, and do not form part of your overall grade.
How our courses work
- Choose Your Learning Method
You choose how you would like to receive your course material, i.e., Online, USB or Correspondence. The choice is yours. You may also work on online or offline. - Tutor Allocation
Every student is assigned their own dedicated tutor who is an expert in their subject area. They provide as much or as little individual contact as you require. You can contact your tutor whenever you need – your hours are not limited. - Feedback and Assignments
Tutor Feedback is an essential component in helping you understand the subject matter. Tutor feedback is given in the form of notes written on the assignment. We encourage you to contact your Tutor where help with clarification and understanding of course material may be required.
Your assignments are located at the end of each lesson. You submit them for marking whenever you are ready. There is no time limit.  - Set Tasks and Self-Tests
Most modules have a Set Task at the end of each lesson before for the assignment. This is where you get the opportunity to undertake practical work to help you acquire knowledge, skills and practical experience. Many modules also have short Self-Tests. - Exams
Once all assignments have been completed you may then elect to sit for a one and half hour exam in your own location. If you prefer not to take the exam you do have the option to undertake a project instead.
Once the exam or project part of the course is completed, your Certificate is then processed. Please allow approximately 4 weeks for this. - Design Your Own Qualification
ADL offers students the flexibility to self-design their own qualification – bundling together a combination of 100-hour modules into a qualification higher than a certificate.
FAQ
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here is a list of the most often asked FAQ’s.
General
Q. Why should I enrol with the Academy for Distance Learning?
A. Here at ADL, our students are our priority – we treat everyone as a unique individual.
Q. Do I need to buy text books?
A. No, as each module has been written by highly qualified industry professionals. The content of the material is presented in such a way that text books are not required. However, if you require additional reading your tutor will be able to supply a list.
Q. What happens if I have to stop studying for a while? (eg. become sick, go on holidays, have a baby, move house, etc)
A. It’s OK to take a break and start up your study at a later point in time. Just let us know.
Q. Is there an age limit?
A. There is no maximum age limit. We do however, have a minimum age limit of 18 years. Below that age parental consent would be required.
Q. Are your courses up-to date?
A. Our courses are revised and updated on a rotation system.
Q. Do you have a Cancellation policy?
A. Yes. We have a cancellation policy that is fair and equitable. For further details please click here.
Q. Will I have any opportunity to engage with other students?
A. We have a Student Community group based on facebook! If you don’t have a facebook account already, you could make one just for talking with fellow students on the group.
Enrolment
Q. When can I enrol/start?
A. You may enrol and start at any time of the year – it’s all self- paced.
Q. Can I study from anywhere in the world?
A. Our courses are available to anyone, anywhere in the world from the comfort of your own home. The course content is relevant to any country, culture or economy.
Q. How long do I have to complete the course?
A. You complete the course at any time that is convenient for you.
Q. Completing a 100 hour module – how long will it take?
A. For some students a 100 hour module will take approximately to 3- 6 months to complete. Others take less time and some even longer.
Assessment
Q. Assessment – how does it work?
A. For each 100 hour module you are assessed by assignments (at the end of each lesson) and a final one and a half hour exam (or you may elect to complete a Project, instead of sitting the exam) – the choice is yours – you sit for the exam in your own location.
Q. I don’t cope well with exams – what can I do?
A. You may elect to undertake a Project (set by your tutor) instead of sitting the exam. Projects are completed from your home and can usually take a couple of weeks to complete.
Q. If my assignment is not up to standard is there an opportunity to resubmit my work?
A. Yes –
Q. How many assignments do I need to complete for each module?
A. At the end of each lesson, there is an assignment – so if a course has say, 10 lessons, there would be 10 assignments.
Q. I am having difficulty attending workshops/industry meetings, what can be done?
A. If your course requires attendance at workshops, conferences, or industry meetings; alternative arrangements can be made in your country.
Qualifications
Q. What qualification will I receive?
A. For individual modules, you would be awarded a Certificate endorsed by TQUK (Training Qualifications, UK), providing you complete all assignments and the exam. If you just want to complete only the assignments and not sit for the exam or finish a Project, then a Letter of Achievement would be awarded. For more details on qualifications available please click here.
Q. Can I customize my diploma/higher qualification?
A. Not all educational institution’s certificates /diplomas meet everyone’s needs. The opportunity to Design Your Own Diploma at the Academy (subject to our approval) is an added bonus, not found at other colleges. You choose modules that you think will help you in achieving your goal.
Q. What do I get when I complete the course? Will I receive a transcript?
A. At the completion of all courses and providing all assignments and exam requirements have been met, you will receive your Award and a Transcript.
Tutors
Q. Our tutors – who are they?
A. We appoint Tutors and require that they must be currently active in their industry, with at least 5 years’ experience in their chosen profession.
Q. Can I contact my tutor at any time?
A. Yes – you have unlimited access to your tutor via email through our Online Classroom. You can always leave a message with ADL requesting your tutor to contact you. You decide on how much or how little contact you wish to have.
Q. Practical work – How is this done?
A. To find out more about this part of the course please visit the section on How Our Courses Work here.
Career Options
Anatomy may be valuable, if not critical in many jobs, for example:
 Medical, Health and Fitness Support jobs (Receptionists and assistants)
 Fitness instructors, sports coaches, personal trainers
 Massage therapists and other complimentary medicine practiytioners
 Retail staff in health food shops, pharmacies, sports stores, even footware stores
 Writers and Journalists
 Medics, Doctors, Researchers, Academics, Lecturers etc.
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What's Included
How Do Cells Divide? (extract from course notes)
The cell cycle is broken up into two stages – interphase and mitosis. Interphase is further divided into the following phases (we will list them in order following mitosis):
• G1
Gap 1. This is a period where the new daughter cell increases its metabolic activity after cell division has finished. The cell is producing proteins that are needed to allow it to perform its function.
• S phase
Synthesis (DNA) phase. This is the period when the cell’s genome is replicated.
• G2
Gap 2. Another period of high metabolic activity. However, compared to G1, the cell is now producing the proteins it will need for the upcoming mitosis.
Mitosis can be broken down into 6 phases which we will discuss further later in the lesson.
Characteristic Interphase Structures
DNA structure varies throughout the cell cycle. In interphase, many genes are being transcribed. This requires them to be in a loose, open structure, so regulatory proteins can bind to them. This structure is known as euchromatin, the DNA is loosely wound around the histones. Genes that are not being transcribed are found in regions of heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is a closed, tight DNA structure, where the DNA is wrapped tightly around histones.
During S phase, the entire genome is copied, resulting in chromosomes made up of two identical ‘sister’ chromatids. During replication of DNA, a replication fork forms. An enzyme known as helicase (the suffix – ase indicates something is being broken or broken down) breaks the bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together in the double helix conformation. The point where the separation is the replication fork, where the original double helix has branched into two single strands that are then replicated to form their own new double helices.
Characteristic Mitosis Structures
As cells enter M phase, or mitosis they have gone from having single chromatids to chromosomes made up of two chromatids bound together. We will look at each phase of mitosis individually, in the order they occur in the cell:
Prophase
Chromatin is condensed into chromosomes. These are clearly visible under a microscope. The point where the chromatids are joined is the centromere. The distal ends of each chromatid are the telomeres. The centrosome is replicated during S phase and so two are present in prophase, adjacent to the nucleus and in relatively close proximity to each other. These each start to build microtubules and each centriole begins to be pushed away from the other.
Prometaphase
The centrosomes are on opposite sides of the nucleus with the microtubules they have produced spanning between them and creating the mitotic spindle. The centrosomes are said to be at opposite ‘poles’ of the cell. In this phase, the nuclear envelope breaks down, so the microtubules run through what used to be the nucleus. Protein ring structures known as kinetochores are formed at the centromeres of each chromosome. One attached to each chromatid. The microtubules attach to the chromatids via these kinetochores.
(Note:Â You will sometimes see Prophase and Prometaphase combined and referred to as Prophase, they are not always viewed as separate/distinct phases)
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Metaphase
The chromosomes line up vertically along the central axis of the cell, intermediate to the poles of the cell. This is known as the metaphase plate. The lining up of the chromosomes is a feature that allows scientists to distinguish cells that are in metaphase from those in other stages of the cell cycle, using a microscope.
Anaphase
In this phase the bonds between sister chromatids are broken. The sister chromatids are then pulled by to the opposite poles of the cell as its attached microtubule shortens. The centrioles are pushed further apart, right to the poles of the cell, dragging the chromatids, which are attached via the microtubules, with them. This results in two identical sets of DNA/centrosomes separated from each other on opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
The cell becomes elongated as the centrosomes continue to be pulled to the poles of the cell. This gives the cell a slightly oval shape. In this phase the nuclear envelope begins to reassemble, one around each set of DNA. Chromatids decondense so that the cell now has two nuclei, full of chromatin.
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis occurs with telophase. As the nuclear envelopes are forming and the DNA decondensing the cell begins to pinch in along the short axis of the cell. This pinching forms a depression, known as the cleavage furrow. This furrow continues to deepen; pinching the cell until it completely separates into two identical daughter cells, with one nucleus each.
Using the anatomical features of cells, it is possible to distinguish cells in different phases, by microscopy at high magnification. This is important in scientific research investigating events occurring at very specific times during the cell cycle.
Career Opportunities
FAQ - RHS Theory Qualifications
GENERALÂ
If you require further details about any of the RHS industry recognised qualifications please, call one of our friendly RHS Course Advisors on +44 (0)1227 789 649 or email: [email protected]
Q:Â When can I Enrol/Start My RHS Course With ADL?
A: Anytime, Anywhere. There are no enrolment deadlines.
Q:Â I live Overseas. Can I Study From Overseas?
A: You can study any of the RHS theory qualifications overseas. All courses are offered in English. You will need to email RHS Qualifications direct to arrange sitting for your examination overseas.
Q: Is There a Time Limit for Completing an RHS Qualification?
A: At present there are no time limits. However, RHS is contemplating in the future, the introduction of course time-lines.
Q:Â Are There Any Entry Requirements (Pre-Requisites)?
A:Â The RHS Theory courses do not require prerequisites, previous experience or any knowledge of horticulture. You just need passion for all things horticulture.
Q: What Course Should I Start With First? I Am New To RHS Qualifications.
A: We highly recommend that you start with Level 2 – Principles of Garden Planning, Establishment and Maintenance.
Q:Â What Does ADL Course Material Include?
A:Â Includes Power Point Presentations, Videos and written course lessons.
RHS EXAMS
Q:Â When Do Exams Take Place?
A: Exams are held on fixed dates in February and June of each year. You should register as a candidate at least 3 months before these dates, so please do not leave exam registration to the last minute
Q:Â Where Do I Take My Exams?
A:Â UK: You take the exams at the RHS Wisley Centre, located between Cobham and Ripley in Surrey or at other authorised RHS centres around the UK.
Overseas: please email RHS qualifications direct for centre information.
Q:Â Exam Pass Marks?
A:  Module – pass 50%.  Commendation 70%.
Qualification:Â 50% pass for all modules.
Commendation awarded for all modules.
Each question carries a value of 10 marks.
Q: I’m Not Happy With My Exam Results?
A:Â You have the opportunity to re-sit your exam at the next opportunity.
There are no restrictions on the number of re-sits you can take. The highest mark you achieve will remain.,