Lesson Structure: Animal Husbandry III BAG202 (Animal Feed & Nutrition)

1. Introduction to Animal Foods
   • Terms and Definitions
   • Groups of Foods
   • Other Terms That Are Used
   • Food Processing Terms
   • Water
2. Food Components – Carbohydrates and Fats
   • Carbohydrates
   • Carbohydrates as a Source Of Energy
   • Fats and Oils
   • Adipose Tissue Deposits in Animals
   • Fat Deposits in Different Animals
3. Food Components – Proteins, Minerals and Trace Elements
   • Composition of Proteins
   • The Build Up Of Proteins
   • Biological Value of Protein
   • Protein Content of Foods
   • The Function of Protein
   • Feeding Urea to Ruminants
   • Major Minerals
   • Trace Elements
   • Vitamins
4. Evaluating Foods and Digestibility
   • Analysis of Feed Stuffs
   • Calculating Digestibility
   • Protein Value
   • Energy Value
   • Nutrient Value of Some Common Foods
5. Classifying Foods Part A
   • Cereals and Cereal By-Products
   • Brewing By-Products
   • Grasses, Legumes and Succulents
   • Lucerne
   • Sainfoin
   • Other Succulent Foods
   • Roughage, Hay, Silage and Dried Grass
6. Classifying Foods Part B
   • Oil and Legume Seeds
   • Oil Seeds and Their Products
   • Legume Seeds
7. Classifying Foods Part C
   • Fodder Trees and Animal Products
   • Fodder Trees and Shrubs
   • Animal Products
8. Calculating Rations Part A
   • The Object of Rationing
   • Nutritional Requirements of the Animal
   • Calculating a Maintenance Ration
   • Cattle at Pasture
   • Working Out Rations for a Herd
9. Calculating Rations Part B
   • Nutrient Requirements for a Dairy Cow
   • Working Out the Total Requirements
   • Feeding a Ration to Meet Nutrient Needs
   • The Dairy Ration
10. Calculating Rations Part C
    • Ready Mix Feeds
    • Using Protein Contents
    • A Summary of Rationing
    • Further Considerations in Rationing

Learning Goals:   Animal Husbandry III BAG202 (Animal Feed & Nutrition)

• Describe the range of livestock feeds and feeding methods available for animal production, using accepted industry terminology.
• Explain the role of energy foods, including the sources and functions of those foods, in animal diets.
• Explain the function of the major nutritional groups, including proteins, vitamins, minerals and trace elements in animal diets.
• Explain the on-farm methods used to evaluate feeding, including selection of feeds and feed digestibility.
• Evaluate the dietary value of pastures, including grasses, cereals, and other edible plants, and their by-products for animal feeds.
• Explain the dietary value of seeds, including oil seeds, legume seeds and their by-products as food sources for animals.
• Evaluate the dietary value of fodder plants, including trees and shrubs and their by-products, as a food source in animal production.
• Determine suitable feed rations for a farm animal maintenance program.
• Analyse the method(s) to determine suitable feed rations in a farm animal production program.
• Evaluate the dietary value of protein in an animal production program.
• Explain the factors affecting the composition of feed rations in animal production.

Practicals:

• Explain the importance of feed quality in livestock production.
• Describe the various food groups that animal foodstuffs are based upon.
• Define at least fifteen relevant industry terms related to livestock feed, feeding and feed processing.
• Explain the role of water in animal nutrition.
• Describe three different, commercially available, animal feeds, including the composition and appropriate uses for each.
• List the chemical names of at least five different carbohydrates which are of importance to animal production.
• Evaluate the roles of four different carbohydrates in animal metabolism.
• List the important sources of carbohydrates for at least four different types of farm animals.
• List the chemical names of at least five different fats which are important to animal production.
• Compare fat deposition patterns in three different animals.
• Explain the role of two different lipids in animal metabolism.
• List the important sources of fats and lipids used in livestock feeds.
• Explain the importance of proteins to animal production.
• Describe the chemical composition of naturally occurring proteins.
• List the sources of protein commonly used in foodstuffs for two different types of farm animal species.
• Explain the differences in protein requirements for different animals.
• List five vitamins of importance in livestock nutrition.
• List five minerals of importance in livestock nutrition, including their:
  • source foods
  • requirement levels
  • physiological functions
  • deficiency symptoms.
• List five trace elements of importance in livestock nutrition, and including their:
  • source foods
  • requirement levels
  • physiological functions
  • deficiency symptoms.
• Prepare a one page chart or table comparing the vitamin, mineral, protein and trace elements components of three different commercial animal feeds.
• Explain the function and source of the various nutritional components found in three different commercial livestock nutrient supplements.
• Describe the components of a specified animal feed.
• Distinguish between the ‘protein value’ and ‘energy value’ of two specified animal feeds.
• Explain the concept of ‘digestibility’ as it relates to animal feed.
• Describe the techniques used to calculate digestibility of animal feeds.
• Perform a calculation of digestibility for a specified feed.
• Describe two standard methods used to assess animal feeds.
• Compare five different feeds, in terms of:
  • composition
  • relative digestibility
  • palatability.
• List at least five cereal and cereal by-product feeds used in animal production.
• Describe the food value characteristics of five cereals and cereal by-product feeds used in animal production.
• List at least five grasses and forage crops used as farm animal feeds.
• Describe the dietary value of five forage crops, including grasses, used in animal production.
• List at least five harvested feed products, including hay, roughage and silage used as feeds in animal production.
• Explain the dietary value characteristics of five harvested feed products including hays, roughage and silage used in animal production.
• Explain the dietary value of a growing pasture, on a farm visited and studied by you.
• Compare the nutritional value to farm animals, of ten different pasture foodstuffs, including cereals, grasses, hay and their by-products.
• List four oil seeds (or their by-products) used as feeds in animal production.
• Explain the use of oil seeds (or their by-products) as animal feeds.
• List three legume seeds used as feeds in animal production.
• Evaluate the dietary value of three different legume seeds, as animal feeds.
• Collect small samples of three oil seeds and three legume seeds.
• Compare the characteristics of two different oil seed species, with two different legume seed species. List five fodder plants (or their by-products) used as feed in animal production.
• Provide recommendations on how three different fodder plant species may be used as an animal feed source on a specified farm.
• Compare the nutritional value of three different fodder plant species.
• Explain the objective of maintenance rationing in two different farm situations observed by you.
• Explain the differences in feed rations given to maintain the same type of animal on two separate farms.
• Describe the nutritional requirements of two different specified types of livestock.
• Calculate a ‘maintenance feed ration’ for a specified farm animal.
• Develop a maintenance feeding program, for a group of animals, such as a herd of cattle or flock of sheep.
• Design three different types of animal feeds/rations, for three specified purposes.
• Define, using examples, the concept of ‘production rations’.
• Explain the objective of production rationing in two different farm situations observed by you.
• Explain the differences in the production feed ration given to maintain the same type of animal on two different farms.
• Explain the nutritional requirements for a specified type of production livestock.
• Calculate a ‘production feed ration’ for a specified farm animal.
• Develop a production feeding program for a herd of milking dairy cattle, in a specified locality.
• Explain the uses of ready-mix feeds as protein supplements for farm animals in two specified situations.
• Calculate, using two different methods, the protein requirements of a production feed ration for a specified farm animal.
• Explain the assumptions behind feed ration calculations for farm animals in a specified situation.
• Explain the rationing factors, including food quality and palatability, for three different specified situations.
• Describe the role of acids in two different specified animal diets.

See What Our Students think!

“Have thoroughly enjoyed this course, the support was excellent and I have learnt so much. Very friendly and helpful. Christine B, Certificate in Animal Husbandry III (Feed & Nutrition), UK.

Your learning experience with ADLwill not only depend on the quality of the course, but also the quality of the person teaching it. This course is taught by Vicky Protopapadaki and your course fee includes unlimited tutorial support throughout. Here are Vicky’s credentials:

Vicky Protopapadaki
MSc (Distinction) Applied Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare (University of Edinburgh), BSc Business Administration (University of the Aegean), Cert. Companion Animal Behaviour (University of Edinburgh ), Cert. Animal Use and Care (University of Prince Edward Island).

Vickys passion for animals led her to obtain her MSc in Applied Animal Behaviour and Animal Welfare, despite her having a background in business and management. Apart from her personal experience with animals, she volunteers at various animal shelters around Greece and has done research on feline behaviour at the University of Prince Edward Island in Canada and on primate behaviour at Edinburgh Zoo. She is currently researching PhD opportunities in the field of animal ethics and studying entrepreneurship for the purpose of creating her own charity for animal protection in Greece.

Excerpt from the Course

THE MITOCHONDRION

The mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria), is a sub-cellular organelle of eukaryote cells consisting of a central matrix surrounded by a double membrane. The matrix is where the citric acid cycle takes place. The outer membrane is smooth, and permeable to water and soluble ions. The inner membrane is selectively permeable and folded, creating shelf-like projections known as cristae. The walls of the cristae contain carrier compounds to transfer specific metabolites and are where the electron transport system produces ATP. For this reason, mitochondria usually congregate in those parts of cells where ATP demand is highest.

Interestingly, the mitochondrial matrix contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes. Therefore mitochondria are capable of self-replication and also control the synthesis of some of their own proteins.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT

The electron transport system takes place in the mitochondria and is vital for aerobic respiration. It entails a series of biochemical stages whereby energy is transferred from a higher to a lower level. Each step in the process involves a specific electron carrier with a specific energy level, also known as redox potential.

During aerobic respiration a molecule of NADH (from glycolysis or the citric acid cycle) is transferred to the cristae where it is oxidized by the respiratory electron transport system, ultimately producing H₂O and three molecules of ATP (oxidative phosphorylation).

The electron transport chain is a series of 4 complexes.

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are, in effect, parts of the same biochemical process. Oxidative phosphorylation is the process where the phosphorylation is actually associated with electron transport. It takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. It involves a series of complexes. ADP joins with inorganic phosphate to give ATP and water. The way the actual reaction occurs is yet to be clearly understood, however, it is known that the proton gradient established as electrons move from NADH to O₂ in the electron transport chain is what results in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. This is the Chemiosmotic Hypothesis. The synthesised ATP is then aided out of the mitochondria with the help of an intrinsic membrane protein called the adenine nucleotide translocator; this protein transports ADP to the inside and ATP to the outside.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

Here is a list of the most often asked FAQ’s.

General

Q. Why should I enrol with the Academy for Distance Learning?
A. Here at ADL, our students are our priority – we treat everyone as a unique individual.

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A. No, as each module has been written by highly qualified industry professionals. The content of the material is presented in such a way that text books are not required. However, if you require additional reading your tutor will be able to supply a list.

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A. There is no maximum age limit. We do however, have a minimum age limit of 18 years. Below that age parental consent would be required.

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A. Our courses are revised and updated on a rotation system.

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A. Yes. We have a cancellation policy that is fair and equitable. For further details please click here.

Q. Will I have any opportunity to engage with other students?
A. We have a Student Community group based on facebook! If you don’t have a facebook account already, you could make one just for talking with fellow students on the group.

Enrolment

Q. When can I enrol/start?
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Q. Can I study from anywhere in the world?
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Q. How long do I have to complete the course?
A. You complete the course at any time that is convenient for you.

Q. Completing a 100 hour module – how long will it take?
A. For some students a 100 hour module will take approximately to 3- 6 months to complete. Others take less time and some even longer.

Assessment

Q. Assessment – how does it work?
A. For each 100 hour module you are assessed by assignments (at the end of each lesson) and a final one and a half hour exam (or you may elect to complete a Project, instead of sitting the exam) – the choice is yours – you sit for the exam in your own location.

Q. I don’t cope well with exams – what can I do?
A. You may elect to undertake a Project (set by your tutor) instead of sitting the exam. Projects are completed from your home and can usually take a couple of weeks to complete.

Q. If my assignment is not up to standard is there an opportunity to resubmit my work?
A. Yes –

Q. How many assignments do I need to complete for each module?
A. At the end of each lesson, there is an assignment – so if a course has say, 10 lessons, there would be 10 assignments.

Q. I am having difficulty attending workshops/industry meetings, what can be done?
A. If your course requires attendance at workshops, conferences, or industry meetings; alternative arrangements can be made in your country.

Qualifications

Q. Can I customize my diploma/higher qualification?

A. Not all educational institution’s certificates /diplomas meet everyone’s needs. The opportunity to Design Your Own Diploma at the Academy (subject to our approval) is an added bonus, not found at other colleges. You choose modules that you think will help you in achieving your goal.

Q. What do I get when I complete the course? Will I receive a transcript?
A. At the completion of all courses and providing all assignments and exam requirements have been met, you will receive your Award and a Transcript.

Tutors

Q. Our tutors – who are they?
A. We appoint Tutors and require that they must be currently active in their industry, with at least 5 years’ experience in their chosen profession.

Q. Can I contact my tutor at any time?
A. Yes – you have unlimited access to your tutor via email through our Online Classroom. You can always leave a message with ADL requesting your tutor to contact you. You decide on how much or how little contact you wish to have.

Q. Practical work – How is this done?
A. To find out more about this part of the course please visit the section on How Our Courses Work here.