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Botany II
Botany II Plant Growth and Development 100 Hours Certificate Course
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Learn About Botany II
Plant Growth and Development Online Course
Understand the principles and practices of plant physiology with the Plant Growth and Development Online Course from ADL
This course is designed for those who need to know plants in-depth: how they grow, which factors promote their development and which factors hinders their growth.
This course is for people that work or wish to work in the horticulture industry, nursery personnel, technicians, and researchers and science students wishing to further their knowledge in plant physiology.
Course Information
Other Categories
Lessons
Lesson Structure: Botany II BSC204
There are 10 lessons:
1Â Flower physiology
- Introduction
- The flowering response
- Genes control flowering
- Physiological age
- Minimum leaf number
- Photoperiodism
- Terminology
2 Â Phytochrome
- Light sensing systems
- Blue light responses
- Red light responses
- Other light responses
- Phytochrome
- Photoreceptor forms: Pr, Pfr
- How molelcules changeRelevance to commercial horticulture
- Controlling light
- Terminology
3 Â Photoperiodism
- Light
- Measuring light
- What wavelengths do plants need
- Typical photoperiod responses
- Photoperiodic responses in seasonal flowering plants
- Photoperiodic classification of plants: short day plants, long day plants, day neutral plants
- Detection of photoperiod
- Critical photoperiod and flowering
- Research facts
- Other photoperiodic effects
- Terminology
4 Â Control of flower bud initiation and development
- Stages in flower bud growth
- What can affect flower bud initiation
- Differentiation
- Dvelopment
- Anthesis
- Effect of temperature on growth and flowering
- VernalisationThermoperiodism
- Research reports or reviews of specific plants
- Terminology
5 Â Dormancy
- Dormancy in plants
- Abscisic acid and dormancy
- Breaking dormancy
- Dormancy in seeds
- Factors affecting seed dormancy
- Breaking seed dormancy
- Terminology
6 Â Effects of plant associations and competition
- Introduction
- Competition
- Parasitism
- Coevolution
- Mutualism
- Plant herbivore and pathogen interactions
- Crop spacing and crop yeilds
- Crop canopy and plant density
- Impact of weeds
- Protected environments
- Greenhouses
- Shadehouses
7 Â Respiration and post harvest physiology
- Respiration
- Glycolysis
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration
- Bioluminescene and Fluorescence
- Post harvest respiration
- Terminology
8 Â Post harvest storage, transport, retailing and shelf life
- Effect of growing conditions on post harvest life
- Controlled storage conditions: temperature, atmosphere, humidity
- Normal atmospheric conditions
- Controlled and modified atmospheres
- Effect of oxygen levels Effect of carbon dioxide levels
- Ethylene
- Controlling ethylene levels
- Modified Atmosphere Packaging
- Commodity transport
- Retailing and shelf life
9 Endogenous and synthetic growth regulators
- Nature of plant hormones
- Auxins: IAA, IBA, NAA
- Gibberellins: natural and synthetic
- Cytokinins: over 130 different types
- Abscisic acid
- Ethylene
- Other homones: anti auxins, growth inhibitors, growth retardants, defoliants, growth Stimulators, non standard hormones
- Controlled ripening and degreening
- Waxing
10 Risks involved with plant growth manipulationÂ
- Commercial risks
- Human health and safety risks
- Plant pathology risks
- Ecological risks
- Genetic modification
- Benefits
- environmental hazards
- Human hazards
- Terminology
- Each lesson culminates in an assignment which is submitted to the school, marked by the school’s tutors and returned to you with any relevant suggestions, comments, and if necessary, extra reading.
Learning Goals
Learning Goals: Botany II BSC204
- Investigate the physiology of growth development and flowering.
- Examine the nature of phytochrome and its effect on flowering in the phytochrome reaction.
- Examine the photoperiodic responses of flowering plants to differing dark and light periods.
- Examine the effect of temperature on the onset of flowering and flower development.
- Understand and describe the causes of dormancy in seeds and plants and describe the methods of breaking dormancy.
- Understand plant associations and competition and their effects on quality and marketable yield.
- Explain the process of respiration in plant cells and its effect on post-harvest storage and transportation of crops.
- Describe physiological processes in post-harvest crops in relation to the storage conditions.
- Investigate the effect on plants of endogenous and synthetic growth regulators.
- Understand risk assessments relevant to plant growth manipulation.
Practical (Set Tasks)
Examinations
Program Summary
More Information
Your tutor for this course is: Susan Stephenson BSc in Applied Plant Biology (Botany) Univ. London 1983. City and guilds: Garden Centre Management, Management and Interior Decor (1984) Management qualifications in training with retail store. Diploma in Hort level 2 (RHS General) Distinction.Â
Assessment
Assessment is based on a combination of completing all assignments and sitting for a final short one and a half hour exam, in your own location.
If you don’t cope well with exams then you may elect to undertake a project instead. This is a popular option.
In addition, most modules have a Set Task at the end of each lesson placed before the assignment. This is an opportunity to undertake practical work to help you acquire knowledge and skills and practical experience. This ADL feature is an added bonus not found at most online schools. Set Tasks are not required for assessment.Â
Some courses also have optional Self-Tests which are available on our online learning platform. These are not available by correspondence or by USB, and do not form part of your overall grade.
How our courses work
- Choose Your Learning Method
You choose how you would like to receive your course material, i.e., Online, USB or Correspondence. The choice is yours. You may also work on online or offline. - Tutor Allocation
Every student is assigned their own dedicated tutor who is an expert in their subject area. They provide as much or as little individual contact as you require. You can contact your tutor whenever you need – your hours are not limited. - Feedback and Assignments
Tutor Feedback is an essential component in helping you understand the subject matter. Tutor feedback is given in the form of notes written on the assignment. We encourage you to contact your Tutor where help with clarification and understanding of course material may be required.
Your assignments are located at the end of each lesson. You submit them for marking whenever you are ready. There is no time limit.  - Set Tasks and Self-Tests
Most modules have a Set Task at the end of each lesson before for the assignment. This is where you get the opportunity to undertake practical work to help you acquire knowledge, skills and practical experience. Many modules also have short Self-Tests. - Exams
Once all assignments have been completed you may then elect to sit for a one and half hour exam in your own location. If you prefer not to take the exam you do have the option to undertake a project instead.
Once the exam or project part of the course is completed, your Certificate is then processed. Please allow approximately 4 weeks for this. - Design Your Own Qualification
ADL offers students the flexibility to self-design their own qualification – bundling together a combination of 100-hour modules into a qualification higher than a certificate.
FAQ
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS
Here is a list of the most often asked FAQ’s.
General
Q. Why should I enrol with the Academy for Distance Learning?
A. Here at ADL, our students are our priority – we treat everyone as a unique individual.
Q. Do I need to buy text books?
A. No, as each module has been written by highly qualified industry professionals. The content of the material is presented in such a way that text books are not required. However, if you require additional reading your tutor will be able to supply a list.
Q. What happens if I have to stop studying for a while? (eg. become sick, go on holidays, have a baby, move house, etc)
A. It’s OK to take a break and start up your study at a later point in time. Just let us know.
Q. Is there an age limit?
A. There is no maximum age limit. We do however, have a minimum age limit of 18 years. Below that age parental consent would be required.
Q. Are your courses up-to date?
A. Our courses are revised and updated on a rotation system.
Q. Do you have a Cancellation policy?
A. Yes. We have a cancellation policy that is fair and equitable. For further details please click here.
Q. Will I have any opportunity to engage with other students?
A. We have a Student Community group based on facebook! If you don’t have a facebook account already, you could make one just for talking with fellow students on the group.
Enrolment
Q. When can I enrol/start?
A. You may enrol and start at any time of the year – it’s all self- paced.
Q. Can I study from anywhere in the world?
A. Our courses are available to anyone, anywhere in the world from the comfort of your own home. The course content is relevant to any country, culture or economy.
Q. How long do I have to complete the course?
A. You complete the course at any time that is convenient for you.
Q. Completing a 100 hour module – how long will it take?
A. For some students a 100 hour module will take approximately to 3- 6 months to complete. Others take less time and some even longer.
Assessment
Q. Assessment – how does it work?
A. For each 100 hour module you are assessed by assignments (at the end of each lesson) and a final one and a half hour exam (or you may elect to complete a Project, instead of sitting the exam) – the choice is yours – you sit for the exam in your own location.
Q. I don’t cope well with exams – what can I do?
A. You may elect to undertake a Project (set by your tutor) instead of sitting the exam. Projects are completed from your home and can usually take a couple of weeks to complete.
Q. If my assignment is not up to standard is there an opportunity to resubmit my work?
A. Yes –
Q. How many assignments do I need to complete for each module?
A. At the end of each lesson, there is an assignment – so if a course has say, 10 lessons, there would be 10 assignments.
Q. I am having difficulty attending workshops/industry meetings, what can be done?
A. If your course requires attendance at workshops, conferences, or industry meetings; alternative arrangements can be made in your country.
Qualifications
Q. What qualification will I receive?
A. For individual modules, you would be awarded a Certificate endorsed by TQUK (Training Qualifications, UK), providing you complete all assignments and the exam. If you just want to complete only the assignments and not sit for the exam or finish a Project, then a Letter of Achievement would be awarded. For more details on qualifications available please click here.
Q. Can I customize my diploma/higher qualification?
A. Not all educational institution’s certificates /diplomas meet everyone’s needs. The opportunity to Design Your Own Diploma at the Academy (subject to our approval) is an added bonus, not found at other colleges. You choose modules that you think will help you in achieving your goal.
Q. What do I get when I complete the course? Will I receive a transcript?
A. At the completion of all courses and providing all assignments and exam requirements have been met, you will receive your Award and a Transcript.
Tutors
Q. Our tutors – who are they?
A. We appoint Tutors and require that they must be currently active in their industry, with at least 5 years’ experience in their chosen profession.
Q. Can I contact my tutor at any time?
A. Yes – you have unlimited access to your tutor via email through our Online Classroom. You can always leave a message with ADL requesting your tutor to contact you. You decide on how much or how little contact you wish to have.
Q. Practical work – How is this done?
A. To find out more about this part of the course please visit the section on How Our Courses Work here.
Career Options
What's Included
Excerpt From The Course
STAGES OF FLOWER BUD GROWTH
The stages from shoot to flowering can be broken into the following stages.
- Induction: biochemical changes that cause the vegetative bud to become reproductive
- Initiation: can be defined as the time that the plant is committed to bud development
- Differentiation: during this stage the individual parts of the flower form
- Development: growth of the flower parts
- Anthesis: the opening of the flowers
As mentioned in Lesson 1 shoots must progress past the juvenile phase into the (adult) vegetative phase and then on to the flowering phase. The key point here is that seedlings cannot be induced to flower, the plant must have passed on to the adult phase in order to develop flowers.
In order for the plant to be ready for flowering the apical meristem switches from vegetative to reproductive, this is known as induction. At this stage the plant is then susceptible to environmental variables that may induce flowering. Once the apex has become a flower primordia the process is irreversible. The bud development cannot be reversed, however if conditions are unsuitable the bud may abort and the auxiliary buds will resume vegetative growth.
Examples of what can affect Flower Bud Initiation
Scientists have found many different things can affect the formation of flower buds, to a greater or lesser degree. Many of these factors may affect some types of plants and not others. Many of these factors interact with each other, sometimes in a positive way, and sometimes in a negative way. The following are a range of examples that can play a part in the stimulation of flower initiation:
- Exposing apples to ammonium ions can cause more axillary buds to form on the main stem. (Duration of exposure appears unimportant with 1 day giving the same result as many weeks.
- Dormant tulip bulbs took less days from planting to flowering when exposed to higher than normal levels of ethylene, and stored for a period at higher temperatures (20 degrees C)
- The temperature during flower bud initiation affects the development of orchid buds into a flower.
- The time for flower initiation in Freesias is affected by the average of soil and air temperatures. If soil and/or air temperature is increased, flowering is delayed. At 21 degrees C, the plant can remain vegetative.
- Water levels during the day can affect flower initiation in tropical Carambola trees (Averrhoa carambola) by as much as 10%.
- Flower initiation in Azaleas is an interaction between temperature and light. At 15 degrees celsius, Azaleas are day neutral, but at 20 degrees Celsius they are short day plants.
- Annuals, Biennials & Perennials all appear to have the same mechanisms for flower initiation. Once the plant reaches maturity, vegetative meristem tissue is converted to floral tissue capable of producing flowers.
Differentiation requires N (nitrogen) and CHO from photosynthesis; it is also sensitive to temperature and shade effects.
Development
Development of the flower buds at a successful rate and quality can be affected by the following:
- Water availability
- Temperature changes
- Nutrient deficiencies
- Defoliation
- Injury
- And inadequate chilling during dormancy for some plants
Anthesis
Conditions affecting the duration of anthesis have direct implication to cut flower harvesting and post harvest storage. Additionally the stage of development or anthesis at which flowers are harvested can have impact upon their storage life. Generally flowers harvested later in to their development will have a shorter shelf life. The best stage to harvest flowers will depend upon many factors including the species, cultivar, and the market requirements. It is of course possible to harvest flowers before anthesis due to the existence of special techniques which allow.
Career Opportunities
FAQ - RHS Theory Qualifications
GENERALÂ
If you require further details about any of the RHS industry recognised qualifications please, call one of our friendly RHS Course Advisors on +44 (0)1227 789 649 or email: [email protected]
Q:Â When can I Enrol/Start My RHS Course With ADL?
A: Anytime, Anywhere. There are no enrolment deadlines.
Q:Â I live Overseas. Can I Study From Overseas?
A: You can study any of the RHS theory qualifications overseas. All courses are offered in English. You will need to email RHS Qualifications direct to arrange sitting for your examination overseas.
Q: Is There a Time Limit for Completing an RHS Qualification?
A: At present there are no time limits. However, RHS is contemplating in the future, the introduction of course time-lines.
Q:Â Are There Any Entry Requirements (Pre-Requisites)?
A:Â The RHS Theory courses do not require prerequisites, previous experience or any knowledge of horticulture. You just need passion for all things horticulture.
Q: What Course Should I Start With First? I Am New To RHS Qualifications.
A: We highly recommend that you start with Level 2 – Principles of Garden Planning, Establishment and Maintenance.
Q:Â What Does ADL Course Material Include?
A:Â Includes Power Point Presentations, Videos and written course lessons.
RHS EXAMS
Q:Â When Do Exams Take Place?
A: Exams are held on fixed dates in February and June of each year. You should register as a candidate at least 3 months before these dates, so please do not leave exam registration to the last minute
Q:Â Where Do I Take My Exams?
A:Â UK: You take the exams at the RHS Wisley Centre, located between Cobham and Ripley in Surrey or at other authorised RHS centres around the UK.
Overseas: please email RHS qualifications direct for centre information.
Q:Â Exam Pass Marks?
A:  Module – pass 50%.  Commendation 70%.
Qualification:Â 50% pass for all modules.
Commendation awarded for all modules.
Each question carries a value of 10 marks.
Q: I’m Not Happy With My Exam Results?
A:Â You have the opportunity to re-sit your exam at the next opportunity.
There are no restrictions on the number of re-sits you can take. The highest mark you achieve will remain.,