Lesson Structure: Human Biology IB - Bioenergetics BSC201

There are 7 lessons:

1  Energy and Work

• Introduction
• Anaerobic Energy Supply
• Phosphate Energy (ATP-PC System)
• Lactic Acid Energy (Anaerobic glycolysis)
• Aerobic Energy Supply
• Summary of the aerobic energy system
• Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• Adenosine Triphoshate (ATP)
• ATP-PC System -Anaerobic
• Lactic Acid System - Anaerobic
• Oxygen System - Aerobic
• Energy Requirements for Different Activities: Prolonged but Not Intense Activity, Prolonged Mild to Medium Activity, Prolonged Intense Activity, Short Bursts of Intense Activity
• Breathing
• ATP Movement
• Krebs Cycle
• So where is the ATP?
• Some key points about the citric acid cycle
• Recovery From Exercise
• Oxygen Debt
• Alactacid oxygen debt component
• Lactacid oxygen debt component

2  Energy Pathways

• Energy and Definitions
• The Nature of Energy
• Units of Measurement
• Production and Storage of Energy
• Carbohydrates in an Animal or Human Body: Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis, Hyperglycaemia, Hypoglycaemia
• Carbohydrate Oxidation: Glycolysis, Hydrolysis, Hydrolysis of metal salts, Hydrolysis of an ester link
• Energy Production Pathways From Different Foods: Fats (Triglycerides in the body), Carbohydrates, Proteins
• Respiratory Quotient (i.e.R or RE)
• Resting Quotient
• Aerobic Capacity
• What Happens During Exercise
• Recovery From Exerise: Alactacid oxygen debt component, Lantacid oxygen debt component, Replenishing Muscular Glycogen
• Lactic Acid
• Calculations

3  Tha Acid-Base Balance

• pH
• Acidity: What is it?
• Effect of pH on Enzymes
• The Urinary System: Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder
• The Physiology of the Urinary System
• The Urea Cycle
• Things to note about the Urea Cycle

4  Osmosis and Diffusion

• Diffusion
• Some Examples of Diffusion
• The Nature of Diffusion
• Types of Diffusion
• Movement of Molecules Through Cell Membranes
• Endocytosis
• Membranes
• Structure of Cell Membranes
• Osmosis
• An Example of Osmosis
• Osmosis and Filtration
• Hydrostatic Pressure
• Active Transport
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Membrane Transport
• Simple Passive Transport
• Facilitated Passive and Active
• Chemical Potential
• Osmotic Pressure
• Reverse Osmosis

5  Atmospheric Pressure

• Introduction
• Partial Pressure Gradients  
• Altitudes
• Effects of Changes in Pressure
• Equalising When You Dive
• Gas Solubility
• Breathing at Different Atmospheric Pressures
• Calculations

6  Temperature Regulation

• Introduction
• DQ / Dt = k A DT / Dx,
• DQ / Dt = 14.5 A Sqrt (v) DT
• DQ / Dt = e s A (Tb 4 - Ta 4)
• DQ / Dt = (Dm / Dt) L.
• Lowering Temperatures
• Raising Temperature
• Effect of Temperature on Enzymes
• Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands: Eccrine Glands, Apocrine Glands
• Energy Production
• Factors Affecting Individual BMR
• Fever
• Mechanism of Fever
• Shivering
• Other Temperature Disorders
• Grades of Fever
• Signs of Fever

7  Ergogenic Aids to Performance

• Ergogenic Aids
• Drugs
• Steroids
• Amphetamines
• Oxygen
• Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate Loading
• Protein
• Vitamins and minerals
• Water
• Caffeine
• Vitamin and Mineral Supplements
• Tips for Choosing a Vitamin Supplement
• Antioxidants

Learning Goals: Human Biology IB - Bioenergetics BSC201

• Explain how energy is used in the human body to create work and power.
• Explain energy pathways during resting, work and recovery.
• Explain the significance of the acid-base balance in the body.
• Explain movement of materials in and out of living cells.
• Explain the affect of changing atmospheric pressure on the body.
• Explain temperature regulation in the body.
• Explain ergogenic aids to body performance during activity/exercise.

Practicals:

• Explain biological energy cycles, using illustrations where appropriate.
• Explain two examples of energy pathways in the body, including an anaerobic and an aerobic pathway.
• Explain the function of ATP in body energy pathways.
• Explain the significance of the following terms to understanding body energy pathways:
  • energy
  • work
  • power
  • efficiency during exercise
• Explain the consumption of oxygen during different stages of activity, including:
  • at rest
  • warming up
  • peak activity
  • cooling down
• Calculate the net cost of exercise in litres per minute, for a set situation.
• Explain the measurement of efficiency during the exercise carried out in a set task.
• Explain problems which may occur in physiological processes during running a marathon.
• Explain in one paragraph for each, the following acid-base terms with relevance to exercise:
  • Buffer
  • Alkali reserve
  • Alkalosis
  • Acidosis
• Describe respiratory regulation of pH in the human body.
• Describe how regulation of pH occurs in the kidneys.
• Explain the affect of strenuous exercise on body pH.
• Explain osmosis in a specific biological situation (of your choice).
• Distinguish between diffusion and facilitated diffusion in the human body.
• Explain how electrochemical forces maintain cellular equilibrium.
• Explain how active transport mechanisms occur at a cellular level.

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