Lesson Structure: Human Biology II - Muscles & Movement BSC202

There are 8 lessons as follows:

1  How Nerves Work

• Structure of the Nervous System
• Cells of the nervous tissue
• Parts of a Neuron
• Classification of different Neurons
• Neuron Function
• Main anatomical features of Neurons
• How Muscles Work With Nerves
• Basic Body Functions

2  Nerves and Motor Skill

• The Nervous System
• Synapses
• Neurotransmitters
• Neural Circuits
• The Science of Motor Skills
• How Motor Skills Develop
• General Nervous System Physiology
• Homeostatic Reflex Arc
• The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
• The Parts of the Brain That Controls Motor Skills
• Central Sensorimotor Programs

3  Skeletal Muscle

• The Skeleton
• How bones are formed
• The Anatomy of Bone
• Fractures and Fracture Healing
• Types of Bones
• Joints of Bones
• The Skeleton
• Skeletal Muscles
• Smooth Muscle
• Striated Voluntary Muscle
• Cardiac Muscle
• The Relationship Between the Muscles and the Skeleton

4  Muscle Organisation

• The Muscular System: Tendons, Deep fascia, Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium, Fascicle, Motor neuron, Blood vessels, Sarcolemma, Muscle fibre
• A Simple Version of how Muscles Move
• Muscle Types: Smooth muscle, Striated Voluntary Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, Skeletal Muscle Types
• Summary of "Selected" Skeletal Muscles 

5  Muscular Movement

• Human Muscular Movement
• How Do Muscles Move?
• How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movement
• Origin and Insertion
• Group Actions
• Some Useful Definitions
• Muscle groups and movement: Facial Expression, Anterolateral Abdominal Wall, Breathing, Pelvic Floor, Hamstrings, Adductor Compartment of the Thigh, Feet, Shoulder, Arm, Hand

 6  Muscular Development

• Muscular Bodily Function
• Energy Systems in the Human Body
• Sources of Energy in the form of ATP
• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration

7  Muscle Flexibility

• Muscles and Flexibility
• Excitation-contraction of muscle: Action Potential, Neurotransmitter Release, Binding, Calcium Release, Filament Binding, Muscle Contracting  
• Different Levels of Flexibility: Dynamic, Static-active, Static-passive
• Influences of Flexibility: Internal Flexibility, External Flexibility

8  Muscles and Posture

• Posture
• Gravity Support
• Net Movement
• Benefits of Posture
• Postural Mechanisms
• Slow and Fast Twitch Muscles
• Muscle strength and length
• Nervous system feedback on the body's position in space
• Listen to your body
• Ergonomics: Furniture Design, Computers, Making a Change

Learning Goals: Human Biology II - Muscles & Movement BSC202

• Explain how nerves cause reactions in the human body.
• Explain how the nervous system affects motor skill performance.
• Explain the function and structure of skeletal muscle in the human body.
• Describe the organisation of muscle tissue in the human body.
• Describe the mechanics of muscular movement.
• Explain development of muscular strength and muscular endurance.
• Selecting muscular flexibility exercises.
• Explain significance of muscles to posture and general well being

Practicals:

• Draw a cross section of the spinal cord, and label the anatomical parts.
• Explain what happens when an electrical stimulus is sent along the central nervous system, by illustrating and labelling the reflex arc.
• Explain nerve to nerve synapses, during a specific body movement.
• Explain activity at muscle-nerve junctions, during the specific body movement.
• Explain how proprioceptors function, during the specific body movement.
• Explain processes which occur in the nervous system, when a specific muscle moves.
• Explain the functioning of the following different sensory receptors:
  • smell
  • sound
  • balance
• Distinguish between the functions of the following different neuroglia:
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Neurolemmocytes
  • Satellite cells
• Explain how the function of different parts of the brain affect different specific muscular movements in the body.
• Explain how a specific voluntary skill is learnt by the body.
• Explain the dampening affect, as exerted through the cerebellum.
• Explain how the body perceives speed through the nervous system.
• Explain the operation of tendons, during a specific movement of a limb.
• Compare the function of motor with sensory fibres in nerves supplying muscles.
• Compare differences in the structural characteristics of red and white muscle fibres.
• Summarise events occurring during muscular contraction, at a microscopic level.
  • Explain how muscles of the hand move when you pick up a tennis ball.
    • Prepare diagrams showing the muscles in the back which provide both support and movement for the spinal column.
    • Explain the significance of these muscles to health, wellbeing and mobility.
    • Explain the principle of levers related to an observed muscular movement.
    • Explain the principle of moments related to an observed muscular movement.
    • Explain muscular movements which occur in the observed subjects, when using three different types of exercise machines.
    • Explain three different body movements, in terms of the action of different bones, muscles and nerves; including the movement of a limb in exercise, and the bending of the back, and one hand movement.
    • Distinguish between isotonic, isometric, eccentric and isokinetic contractions.
    • List ways how strength can be maintained and increased.
    • List ways how endurance can be maintained and increased.
    • Explain three different physiological changes which accompany increased strength.
    • Explain the overload principle, related to muscular development.
    • Explain biological processes in force to effect strength and endurance in an athlete observed and interviewed by you.
    • Compare static and dynamic flexibility, in an individual observed by you.
    • Explain the structural limits to flexibility, in three different people of different ages.
    • List ways of developing flexibility in a specific individual.
    • Explain the relationship between flexibility and aspects of performance in a specific case study.
    • Develop an exercise program to develop/maintain flexibility for a person.
    • Submit photos together with comments on the posture of each person you studied. Comment on the age, sex &, occupation of each of these people.
    • How might posture affect general well being, including arthritis and back pain.

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